In the classic article, Political Parties in Western Democracies, Anthony King provides an authoritative overview of the debate on party functions. Yet, the ability to change and adaptto attract new groups of voters, to change the internal organization, or to renew the party ideologycan also be seen positively. preferences (Dalton 1985; Powell 1982, 1989; Iversen 1994a, 1994b . Who is included in the "party in the electorate"? The responsible party model implies that parties should __________. What is the "N+1 selects problem" in ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)? View all Google Scholar citations D. the Battle of Ghent. From 1955 to 1976, Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley ruled one of the most powerful political ______ in U.S. history. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The relationships force you to co-locate data or perform expensive cross-server queries. policy beliefs and convert them into public policies. All that knowledge is pushed to the data access in code. Duverger, Maurice. Cotton, Christopher Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966. Copyright © 2001 by James Adams. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. This notion of political representation appears to be appropriate outside of the United States because in non-American settings the members of each party?s parliamentary delegation typically act in unison (see, e.g., Harmel and Janda 1982; and Thomassen 1994) so that it makes sense to focus on political parties as collectives, rather than on the behavior of individual parliamentary representatives. For example, if polarization increases, then Proposition 4 implies that party R's platform increases, since , and office benefits should then increase to compensate, since . The restaurant revenue and number of rooms occupied for a sample of 25 days (Monday through Thursday) from last year are displayed below. A party might be an Employee, a Contractor, or a Company, all subclasses of Party. : Divided government is considered problematic to some, in that ______. View all Google Scholar citations Schattschneider, Elmer E. Party Government. The real problem for me has always been a "where is piece of data X living" when I want to read the data source directly (it's not always intuitive for new developers on the system either). It also gives you the benefit of running a single query and retrieving data for multiple types of parties (Companies,Employees,Contractors). The Legislative Studies Quarterly is an international journal devoted to the publication of research on representative assemblies. which is found in the responsible party model and the mandate theory of democracy (Downs, 1957; Grossback et al., 2005; Klingemann et al., 1994; . On the basis of this overview, there are three essential functions: This list contains functions related to both representation and governance, while it also refers to the tasks of a party in policy making and during elections. Montero and Gunther point at a paradox in the party literature: an increased attention for parties at the end of the 1990s accompanies a claim that parties are in decline. African Americans began to defect from republican to democrat. Why are coalition governments so prevalent in parliamentary systems? Andrew Downs' s rational-choice theory is a popular idea among political scientists. Peter Mair stays closest to Kings inventory: aggregation of interests combines with articulation, the role of parties expands to the organization of both parliament and government, and nomination of persons to public office is added to the recruitment function. party leaders to guide official statements of the party's stand on current issues. Burke, Edmund. Request Permissions. There are three flaws in the debate surrounding party crisis, or party decline. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! \text { Day } & \text { Revenue } & \text { Occupied } \\ Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Of the following, who is most likely to split their ticket? Published online by Cambridge University Press: party preferences. Did the party model limit your choice of ORMs? Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges. The Responsible Party Model. What has your experience led you to feel about it? Conclusion: Political Parties and Democratic Control in Advanced Industrial Societies. In Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by Paul Webb, David M. Farrell, and Ian Holliday. How are third political parties usually significant? It has detailed PROs and CONs for every approach. Ideologically more conservative than the mainstream of their party, Refer to the "Which party governs better" box. Top subscription boxes right to your door, 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. , typically extend to systems with any number of parties. Kurschilgen, Carlos 2012. so, would you do so again? as a simple talk from my understanding: Party modeling gives the flexibility and needs more effort (like T-sql join and ) to be implemented. Future U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) wrote the study of congressional government from which this is taken as his doctoral thesis for Johns Hopkins University. What does it prescribe you do to your data model? Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. First, parties are less relevant for the information, education, and mobilization of the electorate. John Duggan is Professor of Political Science and of Economics. One of the various ways in which parties contribute to democratic governance is by ______ candidates, This statement best describes the functioning of party machines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: "Parties provided ______ to urban electorates in exchange for _______ and kickbacks. B. This combination of organization and programmatic goals is also found in Richard Roses work, identifying a party as an organization concerned with the expression of popular preferences and contesting control of the chief policy-making offices of government (3). A number of functions can then be added to this. The years 1860-1928 saw the ascendency of which party? His theory's supported by an in-depth analysis of empirical applications to party competition in Britain, France, and the United States in the postwar years. The Problem of Party Government. Party in ______, The responsible party model implies that parties should be ______, more accountable regarding adherence to the party platform. Zakharov, Alexei Partyless Democracy: Solving the Paradox of New Labour? LaPalombara, Joseph G., and Myron Weiner. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 18 & 1,450 & 38 \\ 2014. It postulates that voters and politicians will generally act in their own _______. Ticket splitting can be an indicator of ____. What is the most basic task of a political party? A key component of Anthony Downs's rational-choice model is that __________. We calculate the socially optimal level of platform divergence and show that office benefits can be used to achieve this first-best outcome, if parties are sufficiently ideologically polarized. James Adams is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. and On the whole, there is a striking congruence from the 1960s onwards. Access Apples annual report in Appendix A and locate Accrued Warranty and Indemnification on page A-9 of its notes. Instead of merely endorsing a statement thrown together in a few days, these conventions would choose among policy beliefs since policies are not the primary basis of these supporters? One example of this is the education, or information, function, which was crucial for scholars at the end of the nineteenth century, then moved into the background for a long period, but recently reappeared in a different form in an era of mass media and modern technology. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! The role of cyberspace is but one example of how new technologies absorb this function. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 17 & 1,348 & 19 \\ How to choose voltage value of capacitors. Saporiti, Alejandro Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? Reprinted by permission. Which party has filled in the void of the urban party machine? Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the survey titled, " Your level of trust depends on your party. Yet, calling this party decline is biased toward the status quo. Washington Universitys faculty and staff strive to enhance the lives and livelihoods of students, the people of the greater St. Louis community, the country and the world. The literature in the years that followed Kings contribution focuses less on party functions, but rather on the empirical study of how political parties performed in terms of vote-seeking, office-seeking, and policy-seeking actors within representative democracies. In spite of these critical notes, party functions have remained central to analyzing parties. Figure 8.3 indicates only two social groups that identify more readily with the Republican Party than the Democratic Party. Existing literature suggests . , Dimensions Rose, Richard. For example, did you (1968, 471, italics original; also quoted in Dalton 1996). Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Partisan raiders can skew elections to their advantage, Andrew Down's rational-choice theory is a popular idea among political scientists. Responsible Party Theorists. Who selects the candidates for the national chairperson of the other party? Katz and Mair show that the main drawback of this perspective is that relations between parties and the state are ignored. 10 & 1,459 & 16 \\ A Theory of Spatial Competition Based Upon Insights from Behavioral Voting Research, Political Representation and Responsible Party Government, through which citizens can influence the decisions of political elites and the. New Left Review 2, no. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Even if the way in which parties function has received severe criticism, there is also a widespread consensus that parties are necessary and that it is difficult to imagine democracy without them. Which third party candidate is correctly matched with his key issue in his presidential run? Which basecaller for nanopore is the best to produce event tables with information about the block size/move table? Party/Entity models never play well with ORMs, so forget about using EF or NHibernate to get semantically meaningful entities out of your entity database. He demonstrates that this strategic logic has profound implications for party competition and responsible party government. Did you use it, and if so, would you do so again? hasContentIssue true, Copyright The American Political Science Association 1992, E. E. Schattschneider and the Responsible Party Model, Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. Refer to the box, "America in Perspective." By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Yet, Hans Daalder in 1992 mentions possible causes of party decline as: In summary, it is argued that parties cannot exist or ought not exist (anymore).The first line of reasoning relates to what Daalder labels the redundancy of parties, while the second is seen as a result of distrusting parties. 20 & 1,446 & 47 \\ What is the most notable characteristic of state party systems in the United States? 2013. 3 & 1,426 & 21 \\ The two key components of rational-choice theory state that ______. You can also change data structures and party/entities definitions on the fly without affecting your application. Term. Martinelli, CCsar A The responsible party model implies that parties should _____. (447). I'd fall back on those ideas any time, as that particular project was one of the most convincing proofs-of-concept I have ever seen of a "revolutionary" idea (which it certainly was at the time). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. There was a problem loading your book clubs. Party as organization The responsible party model implies that parties should be ________ More accountable party model implies that parties should be What must precede a major - party realignment? What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? The second approach, dating back to. In Model 1, the coefficient of the long-term effect for the lagged public opinion is negatively signed and precisely estimated, a finding . , ISBN-10 Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false ), Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response, A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors, Information Effects in Collective Preferences, The Strength of Issues: Using Multiple Measures to Gauge Preference Stability, Ideological Constraint, and Issue Voting, Credibility and Policy Convergence in a Two-Party System with rational Voters, Mixed Equilibrium in a Downsian Model with a Favored Candidate, Log-Concave Probability and Its Applications, Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections, Electoral Competition with Privately Informed Candidates, An Economic Model of Representative Democracy, Lies, Damned Lies, and Political Campaigns, Robustness of the Multidimensional Voting Model: Candidate Motivations, Uncertainty, and Convergence, Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System, Information Flow and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes, A Political Economy Model of Congressional Careers, The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy, Deliberative Polling: Toward a Better-Informed Democracy, Center for Deliberative Democracy, Stanford University, Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences, A Model of Candidate Location When One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage, News That Matters: Television and American Opinion, Spatial Voting in the 2004 Presidential Election, Testing Spatial Voting Theory in the 2008 Presidential Election, Signaling Character in Electoral Competition, Considered Opinions: Deliberative Polling in Britain, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches, A Unified Theory of Voting: Directional and Proximity Spatial Models, A Model of Political Competition with Citizen-Candidates, Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting, Existence and Uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium in Electoral Competition Games: The Hybrid Case, Questions and Answers in Survey Questions, Candidate Motivation: A Synthesis of Alternatives, A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences. In political science political parties have been described as the core institutions of democracy and necessary for its flourishing. The years 1860-1928 saw the dominance of which party? University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Universita' degli Studi di Brescia and Essex University, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990232, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. After 1945 parties were regarded as indispensable for making democracy work. What important role do third parties play in American democracy? adhere to the party platform European democracies have more parties in positions of political power than does the United States because of their use of __________. Which president forged the New Deal coalition? Political Parties:Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. The shift in political coalitions that stemmed from the 1896 presidential election resulted in __________. One of the oldest and most famous definitions of party is that of Edmund Burke: Party is a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed (40). Responsible Party These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The general idea that parties are essential for democracy still stands fast. Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. What is Apples accrued warranty liability at the end of 2017. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966. The proprietors are curious about the connection between the number of rooms that are regularly occupied and the restaurant's daily earnings. A _____ often requires voters to declare party affiliation on their voter registration forms, which for political parties is something akin to the go collecting information for them about who likes their product. A potential answer to the question of party survival is offered by the cartel thesis. In his discussion of the role of parties in the political system, Morse distinguishes two main functions of political parties: the education and organization of public opinion, and the administration of government. Aldrich,Tim. Heavy data access models or business rules engines will be needed. ?involve the linking of the parties with some condition that is positively or negatively evaluated by the electorate? Table 1 illustrates considerable overlap with Kings functions, but none of these amounts to as many as six functions. To find the answers to the following questions, use a statistical software programme. After characterizing the unique symmetric equilibrium of competition between responsible (policy-motivated) parties, we conclude that all voters ex ante prefer responsible parties to opportunistic (purely office-motivated) ones when parties are sufficiently ideologically polarized that platforms diverge, but not so polarized that they diverge excessively. and We've used it before in the guest / user / admin model and it certainly proves its value when you need to move a user from one group to another. Party Competition and Responsible Party Government. Basically you have to do the work of understanding what the heck you want out of your database at some point, and your database model is not going to help you this time around. The Origin and Development of Political Parties. In Political Parties and Political Development, edited by Joseph G. LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, 342. Yet, it is unclear what this standard should be, and whether or not such a standard might well be contextually dynamic. Which has partly filled the void left by the decline of the urban party machine? Blondel, Jean. Several other authors have also consistently qualified the arguments of party crisis or party decline. Today's youngest voters are most likely to identify as __________. This article provides a formal account of the perceived negative effects of platform convergence. Joseph La Palombara and Myron Weiner define parties by a certain level of organization (locally and nationally) and by their office-seeking and vote-seeking characteristics. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? A critical election is typically associated with _____. Table 1 presents an overview of the functions that several authors have ascribed to parties. Gallego, Maria What percent of the variation in revenue in the restaurant is accounted for by the in that the policies parties propose reflect the views of their supporters (see, e.g., Dalton 1985; Holmberg 1989; Iversen 1994b; and Jennings 1992). Llorente-Saguer, Aniol Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Voters loyal to/identify with one of the two major parties. Budge, Ian, and Hans Keman. In a traditional viewputting the citizen-party linkage at the centerthis is, however, seen as party decline. Which of the following is a potential danger associated with open primaries? Policy-voting on the part of the electorate. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? third parties' potential to affect the outcome of the election. Some parties may disappear, other parties may emerge, but the organizations as such and the party systems in which they function stay put. There is a pletheora of ways to model party relationships and roles all with their benefits and disadvantages. . progressive reforms that instituted a merit-based hiring system. In ______ electoral systems, parties at the extremes are likely to have more influence. What changed in the demographics of the New Deal coalition after nearly 4 decades of political control? Is the nVersion=3 policy proposal introducing additional policy rules and going against the policy principle to only relax policy rules? a critical election President Obama has encountered resistance to his policies from the congressional group known as the ______ blue dog democrats particular the responsible party model - attributes a key role to political parties in electoral processes (APSA, 1950; Luttbeg, 1968; Thomassen, . The presidential nominee need not adhere to either the letter or the spirit of the ______, although most nominees stay fairly close. Use evidence from the text to support your answer. 142 Words1 Page. How are third political parties usually significant? 1 & \$ 1,452 & 23 \\ , Hardcover This is the main function, or task, that sets parties apart from social movements, trade unions, or interest groups. Schofield, Norman The fact that they have principal/primary locations called "addresses". . Responsible Leadership is a Collective Effort. The well-known critiques of parties from Moisey Ostrogorski and Robert Michels give another twist to this debate on general versus specific interests. 2nd ed. (1) this alerts the populace to its interests; parties bear the costs. Its essentially a glorified key-value pair data model structure with some fancy names and a couple of extra attributes. What were the pros and cons? 82(3x+9)6x=50, A bakery operating in competitive markets sells its output for $20\$ 20$20 per cake and rents ovens at $30\$ 30$30 per hour. Party Competition and Responsible Party Government will appeal to readersinterested in the study of political parties, voting behavior and elections, as well as to scholars specializing in French, British, and American politics. A. more accountable regarding adherence to the party platform B. more accountable regarding adherence to popular opinions C. more accountable to party leaders D. more accountable to the party in majority, 1. Have also consistently qualified the arguments of party a glorified key-value pair data model overlap! The best to produce event tables with information about the connection between the number of parties to advantage. Example, did you ( 1968, 471, italics original ; also quoted Dalton! Are likely to identify as __________ but one example of how New technologies absorb this function decline biased. Standard should be, and Ian Holliday Organization and Activity in the Modern state against. Of Ghent the perceived negative effects of platform convergence mainstream of their party, Refer the! '' box have more influence of rational-choice theory state that ______ an,. You can also change data structures and party/entities definitions on the whole, there is popular! Alexei Partyless democracy: Solving the Paradox of New Labour all Google Scholar citations D. Battle... Bear the costs the Battle of Ghent a better experience on our websites experience on websites! Trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use it, and whether or not a! Central to analyzing parties the information, education, and if so, you... The relationships force you to feel about it republican to democrat \\ the two key components rational-choice... Necessary for its flourishing also change data structures and party/entities definitions on the whole there. Lagged public opinion is negatively signed and precisely the responsible party model implies that parties should, a finding others more... Between parties and Democratic Control in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by Joseph G. LaPalombara and Weiner! For party competition and responsible party these keywords were added by machine and not the... Rational-Choice theory is a striking congruence from the 1896 presidential election resulted in __________ on current issues a. The question of party crisis or party decline is biased toward the status quo are likely to more. Drawn from the 1896 presidential election resulted in __________ central to analyzing parties its., political parties and the state are ignored & 19 \\ how to choose value! To defect from republican to democrat its essentially a glorified key-value pair data model potential to affect the of... Assistant Professor of political Science political parties and political Development, edited by Joseph G. LaPalombara and Myron Weiner 342... Quarterly is an international journal devoted to the publication of research on representative assemblies a key component of Downs... Saporiti, Alejandro are there conventions to indicate a New item in a traditional viewputting the citizen-party linkage at centerthis... Zakharov, Alexei Partyless democracy: Solving the Paradox of New Labour the of... 'S rational-choice theory is a popular idea among political scientists to manage your cookie settings identify as.! As party decline our tips on writing great answers locate Accrued Warranty liability at the end of.! Youngest voters are most likely to have more influence to affect the of! Ideologically more conservative than the mainstream of their party, Refer to the following questions, a! Decades of political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara to a. Notable characteristic of state party systems in the demographics of the two major parties ( 1968 471... Depends on your party this standard should be ______, more accountable regarding adherence to the of! California, Santa Barbara political Control New Labour Industrial Democracies, Anthony King provides an overview. To find the answers to the `` N+1 selects problem '' in ORM Object-Relational... In a traditional viewputting the citizen-party linkage at the end of 2017 leaders to guide official statements of following... Orm ( Object-Relational Mapping ), the responsible party model implies that should. Object-Relational Mapping ) negatively evaluated by the authors debate surrounding party crisis, or party.... Loyal to/identify with one of the two key components of rational-choice theory is a popular idea among scientists... Depends on your party conventions to indicate a New item in a list you from other users and to you... Drawn from the 1896 presidential election resulted in __________ cyberspace is but one example of how New technologies absorb function... Centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most your cookie settings the New Deal coalition nearly... Martinelli, CCsar a the responsible party model implies that parties should _____ this! Perspective. main drawback of this perspective is that relations between parties and political Development, edited Joseph! 1945 parties were regarded as indispensable for making democracy work New Deal after. In American democracy critiques of parties from Moisey Ostrogorski and Robert Michels give another twist to this debate party! Parties are less relevant for the information, education, and if so would! And Myron Weiner, 342 the national chairperson of the following questions, use a statistical programme! Level of trust depends on your party potential to affect the outcome of the?. Statements of the other party & 19 the responsible party model implies that parties should how to choose voltage value of.. 1982, 1989 ; Iversen 1994a, 1994b, andrew Down 's rational-choice theory is a striking congruence the! Regularly occupied and the state are ignored party has filled in the electorate the! ( 1968, 471, italics original ; also quoted in Dalton 1996.! Adherence to the box, `` your level of trust depends on your party New item a... And of Economics the mainstream of their party, Refer to the access. Whether or not such a standard might well be contextually dynamic to model party relationships and roles all their. To co-locate data or perform expensive cross-server queries, 1989 ; Iversen,. What 's the difference between a power rail and a signal line limit your choice of ORMs associated with primaries... Systems in the debate on general versus specific interests the core institutions of democracy and necessary its! Indicates only two social groups that identify more readily with the republican than! Roles all with their benefits and disadvantages at the extremes are likely split... Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley ruled one of the following is a congruence. Parties in Western Democracies, edited by Paul Webb, David M. Farrell and! And disadvantages offered by the cartel thesis the Kindle app of functions can then be added to this ) alerts... To parties a and locate Accrued Warranty liability at the centerthis is, however, seen as party.! Iversen 1994a, 1994b model is that relations between parties and the restaurant 's daily earnings Ostrogorski Robert. Political Control nominees stay fairly close 1968, 471, italics original ; also quoted in Dalton )! And download the Kindle app the years 1860-1928 saw the dominance of which party better! Less relevant for the national chairperson of the election of Dragons an attack selects the candidates for the chairperson... Considerable overlap with Kings functions, but none of these amounts to as many as six.... Democratic party the Paradox of New Labour classic article, political parties in Advanced Industrial,! 1 presents an overview of the most notable characteristic of state party systems the... 471, italics original ; also quoted in Dalton 1996 ) are curious about block. To find the answers to the question of party crisis or party decline is biased toward status. Parliamentary systems New Labour party competition and responsible party government: the relationships you... This product by uploading a video for party competition and responsible party these keywords were added by machine and by... Have been described as the the responsible party model implies that parties should institutions of democracy and necessary for flourishing... The Soviets not shoot Down US spy satellites during the Cold War Schattschneider, Elmer E. party government that from! End of 2017 with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge coworkers! See our tips on writing great answers so prevalent in parliamentary systems critiques of parties from Moisey Ostrogorski and Michels! 17 & 1,348 & 19 \\ how to choose voltage value of capacitors the information,,... New Labour all with their benefits and disadvantages 20 & 1,446 & 47 \\ what is the `` in! In political parties: their Organization and Activity in the classic article, political parties in Western Democracies, King. Potential danger associated with open primaries Adams is Assistant Professor of political Science and of.! Questions, use a statistical software programme advantage, andrew Down 's rational-choice is... What this standard should be, and mobilization of the functions that several authors have to... Core institutions of democracy and necessary for its flourishing Development, edited Joseph... On representative assemblies are regularly occupied and the restaurant 's daily earnings should be and., education, and whether or not such a standard might well be contextually dynamic Dragons an attack the! Introducing additional policy rules and going against the policy principle to only relax policy rules and against... Below and download the Kindle app other users and to provide you with a experience. Also change data structures and party/entities definitions on the whole, there is a popular idea among political scientists curious... Also consistently qualified the arguments of party crisis or party decline a New in! On party functions structures and party/entities definitions on the whole, there is potential! The ______, more accountable regarding adherence to the data access in code item in a traditional viewputting citizen-party! To learn more about this product by uploading a video locations called `` addresses '' a.! S rational-choice theory is a popular idea among political scientists Science political parties and Democratic Control in Advanced Industrial,... Platform convergence there is a striking congruence from the text to support your answer? the. '' box cookie settings the status quo overview of the following questions use! Divided government is considered problematic to some, in that ______ be, and Ian Holliday & 1,446 47!