Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. Due to the similarities of the two species, there may be more Turkish thistle near to where it has already been found that was misidentified as Italian thistle (Porter UFRGS,1-132,2020, Karlsson (2004-03-18 23:00:00) Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr. Plants grow up to 20 dm, are often slightly woolly, and narrowly winged along stems and spined. . Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Formato M, Kheyar N, Pacifico S. Foods. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. Disclaimer. 1974. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. 393 0 obj <> endobj 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. Two fungi have been evaluated as agents on Italian thistle. Flowerheads narrow and in terminal clusters of 1 to 5. Site by, Weed biological control agents approved for California, Taking to the air to locate, prioritize and treat effectively, Tackling invasive plants on California Sept. of Fish & Game lands, Lessons from the front: Taking stock to avoid surprises, California Exotic Pest Plant Council draft list exotic plants of greatest concern October 1993. Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Home | Contact | UW Privacy | UW Terms of Use. Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. CHEMICAL CONTROL. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. University of California Press, Berkeley. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. 8 0 obj [3], Flower heads are 2-5 per cluster, densely matted with cobwebby hairs at the base of the phyllaries and spiny towards the tips. Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. The multiple stems are winged with spines. Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). !Ct2eO@u%h&;4OL9%p=#$`05l6u+zL/=m=5gE+aSFWc$19#t30;`xePH41RcO5`+~+4/]Y. Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. 2022 Dec 7;11(24):3955. doi: 10.3390/foods11243955. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." (You can unsubscribe anytime. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. arduus pycnocephalus L. Photo by A. Brousseau. This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. pycnocephalus) and the plants in question, Gaskin et al. It is foliar absorbed and translocated, making it effective in destroying the roots. Copyright 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Olympia, WA 98504-2560. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. eCollection 2019. The multiple stems are winged with spines. Italian thistle grows in dry, open area such as pastures, rangeland, right-of-ways, and waste areas. (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). It reduces the establishment of annual grasses and reduces the value of hay and other crops due to the blanketing effect of the overwintering rosettes, high rate and timing of germination, and its broad range of germination conditions. 1982). The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Repeated greenhouse inoculations of the rust on growing rosettes signif- icantly reduced the growth of C. pycnocephalus but not the number of florets (Oliveri 1984). A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). & D. D. Keck. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus CIRSIUM. Seeds are light brown to brown with veins, 0.18 to 0.24 inches (4 to 6 mm long), with hairs attache at one end. Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Chemical control can be achieved with a variety of products including: Clopyralid, glyphosate, Diquat, Picloram, and 2, 4-D ester. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). pycnocephalus Name However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of any C. pycnocephalus control measures. Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. Fl. SEED DISPERSAL. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. Authors: Don Pitcher and Mary J. Russo, Global Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy. intermedius - C. p . Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. 2023. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. Epub 2022 Jan 27. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. ); U.S. National Park Service: Invasive Non-Native Plants in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Italian Thistle, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. (Hawkes et al. Tysice darmowych zdj i wektorw. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1979). Calflora, a 501c3 non-profit - 1700 Shattuck Avenue #198, Berkeley, CA 94709 - 510 883-3148 (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Berkeley, California: The Calflora . Bossard, CC., J.M. 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae Species from Sardinia and Corse. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. FOIA A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Marengo A, Maciel LS, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Herodes K. Plants (Basel). Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. An official website of the United States government. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Tel. 42: 1157. albidus - C. p . Accessibility Most contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds. Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, Species of concern in the Puget Sound watershed, Marine invertebrates of Puget Sound and adjacent waters, Terrestrial vertebrates of the Puget Sound watershed, USGS: Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in Puget Sound, Washington Natural Heritage Programspecies lists. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. Is this Weed Toxic? C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. Thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm ( Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977 ) seeds... Mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex significant infestation and germinate at lower temperatures than silver.. With Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California during the 1930s ( Goeden 1974 ) ester formulations dry... J. Russo, global Invasive species Team, the Nature Conservancy Contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant to! From the base and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the drought! Is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and narrowly winged along and. 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