75, To Spinoza, the order and connection of ideas necessarily follow the same as the order and connection of things. By Michah Gottlieb. Spinoza believed that everything that exists is God. However, he did not hold the converse view that God is no more than the sum of what exists. God had infinite qualities, of which we can perceive only two, thought and extension. Hence God must also exist in dimensions far beyond those of the visible world. In other words, because the mind and body concur, it follows that what negatively affects the minds awareness of itself, must also affect the bodys ability to act. 76 By this, Spinoza means that God as an immaterial and corporeal substance, is coherent, and thus, all ideas and things that follow from his/her nature necessarily complement his/her existence as the totality of the natural order. Stop blaming me for your miserable life; I never told you there was anything wrong with you or that you were a sinner, or that your sexuality was a bad thing. That is, the mind is a thinking expression of God, as an immaterial substance, and since it does so in a determinate or limited way, it follows that it cannot have attributes since attributes are infinite and eternal. It follows, that extension and thought are either attributes of God or modifications of attributes of God. Beloved ones, do not allow yourselves to be distracted, yes, by the chaos. Im tired of being thanked. L ately, atheists have gone on a publishing offensive. Spinoza used the provocative formulation Deus sive naturaGod, or naturebut he actually regarded nature as just the visible, comprehensible aspect of 67 From this, one may also claim that because God is the only cause of himself/herself, no bodies can exist outside of him/her, and thus they cannot act upon, or affect him/her. Dynamic times and rampant internet censorship brought me to create a new outlet for the unending flow of information. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) served as the natural end of the rationalist tradition on the European continent, which included Descartes, Spinoza, and Malebranche. Throughout the history of philosophy, many theorists have attempted to explain the meaning and cause of peoples sorrows. Stop believing in me; believing is assuming, guessing, imagining. Baruch de Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher considered one of the three great rationalists of the century philosophy, along with the French Ren Descartes. Furthermore, it is worth noting that though Spinoza believes that bodies are subject to change, it follows that there can be no disturbance in respect to the substance housing them. Translated by Ralph Manheim. 35 Consequently, because God is first in the series of being, it follows that all modes must follow after him/her because if they did precede him/her, it would mean that they either caused themselves or caused him/her to be, which are both impossibilities. The Great Philosophers: Spinoza. Also, one may claim that God cannot be the engenderer of sadness because he/she is ultimately the source of only adequate and true ideas, and since sadness is an affect that people inadequately understand, it follows that God cannot have caused it. Consequently, since God does not cause inadequate ideas, and because sadness derives from those types of ideas, it is the case that people who believe that he/she is against them or has caused them sorrows are in error. 2000 Mules, a documentary film created by Dinesh DSouza, exposes the widespread, coordinated voter fraud in the 2020 election, sufficient to change the overall outcome. That is, adequate ideas have all the features of true ideas, but they do not indubitably match their objects since those ideas arise from within people, who cannot innately know the reality of another being since they cannot be another being. But I entrust this to you as well. On more modern times, it was Albert Einstein who was responsible for reawakening the interest on Spinozas works. I want you to believe in you. Spinoza makes a similar reference when he states that God as an idea is like the idea of a circle that matches the reality of a circle universally. That is, what is not in Gods modes, cannot be of God, since he/she exudes his/her being, and thus, is not fully distinct from what follows from his/her nature. The doctrines added by certain churches, such as that God took upon himself human nature, I have expressly said that I do not understand; in fact, to speak the truth, they seem to me no less absurd than would a statement, that a circle had taken upon itself the nature of a square. Seeking information is Light Work. 27 In other words, each attribute of God can only express one infinite and eternal aspect of him/her, and not many, because attributes are unable to affect one another since they do not rely on one another to exist. This piece has explained Spinozas views on the nature of God, his/her attributes, and the modes that ultimately arise from him/her. I am pure love. 29 Finally, Spinoza continues by addressing the nature of modes or that which ultimately derives from God and his/her attributes. Also, if God were made up of finite substances he/she would necessarily be finite as well, which is illogical because nothing has the power to limit him/her. Finally, he states that desires that have good effects increase the minds ability to think, and thus, the bodys ability to act, whereas evil ones diminish those abilities. 64 Consequently, because God, as an infinitely extended being, does not match any other body in him/her, it follows that he/she cannot alter when they undergo change. First published Tue Aug 21, 2007; substantive revision Fri Sep 14, 2018. People, thoughts, emotions, animals, plants, inanimate objects, the earth and the heavens, math, none of them exist in themselves. 72 In other words, bodies do not harbor the time of their demises, since if they did it would contradict their inherent abilities as modes to express Gods materiality. What kind of egomaniac God do you think I am? WebNo he warned against people (esp. The defense emerges as a necessary consequence of Spinozas metaphysical position and of his explicit repudiation of traditional political philosophy. Moreover, Spinoza claims that only God can be a substance since the existence of two or more substances with the same essence and attributes would necessarily be identical or incompatible. 78 That is, God matches Nature in an eternally perfect way, since God and Nature absolutely, or innately, reflect one another so much so that the idea of Nature or God and the object of God or Nature are one and the same. Do you think I could create a place to burn all my children who behave badly for the rest of eternity? WebSpinoza was born into a community of Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam who had fled the Inquisition. WebThis is the nature of the God of Spinoza: God would have said: Stop praying and giving yourselves blows on your chests, what I want you to do is to go out into the world to enjoy 92 In other words, people can only desire to affirm or strive to exist because their active essences derive from Gods, and thus, what will cause their deaths cannot be in them. Spinozas metaphysics consists of one thing, substance, and its modifications (modes). Due to God being infinite, it follows that nothing has the power to compel or cause him/her to act in any way that defies the course of his/her nature. What is that pattern? 83 That is, the mind and body are coherent, since they ultimately derive from one unified substance, and since that one unified substance immanently causes all things, or is innately in them, it follows that the mind would reduce to the body and the body to the mind if they existed through the right attributes. From this, one may also claim that because it is innate of thinking things to think, it follows that God must possess the attribute of thought because what is inherently in him/her, must, in some ways, be in his/her modes, due to his/her immanence. However, because it is impossible for modes to precede God since that would mean that they caused themselves or came into existence alongside him/her, it follows that they cannot exist outside of him/her. Also, because God is necessarily unable to be inactive, due to the activity of all existence relying on his/her continuity for theirs, it follows that nothing can offshoot or influence Gods flow. I do not think it necessary for salvation to know Christ according to the flesh : but with regard What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. Web"The fundamental atheism of Spinoza," said David Hume, "is the doctrine of the simplicity of the universe and the unity of that substance in which he supposes both thought and matter to inhere." When Einstein gave lectures at U.S. universities, the recurring question that students asked him most was: Baruch de Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher considered one of the great rationalists of 17th century philosophy, along with Descartes. As understood by Spinoza, God is the one infinite substance who possesses an infinite number of attributes each expressing an eternal aspect of his/her nature.3 He believes this is so due to the definition of God being equivalent to that of substance, or that which causes itself. [emailprotected], Florida Philosophical Review 74 Lastly, Spinoza continues to describe how the order and connection of ideas follow the same as the order and connection of things. 43 Hence, since God, in the end, determines the conditions of all thinking things, it follows that he/she necessarily possesses the attribute of thought, because without it those thinking things would cease to be conceivable. 13 First, it is not the case that many infinite substances can exist because if they did that would mean that they would be unique and compatible at the same time, which is nonsensical. Spinoza demonstrates this by first showing how nothing can come before God. WebSpinozas idea of God as infinite and lacking nothing, meant that he viewed God as a substance with infinite attributes. Schocken Books. Respect your peers and dont do what you dont want for yourself. 63 That is, bodies, like other surfaces, reflect what impacts them, and the remnants of those effects continues on, both in Nature and on those bodies impacted. 32 Consequently, because God is that one infinite substance, and because that makes modes necessarily finite, it follows that there are limits to their existences, and thus, one may claim that that also makes them determinate. He used logic to deduce his fundamental principles. Thats the way to praise me. As human beings do not know the causes of their behavior, they are deceived in thinking themselves free. Like Einstein, we can likely use some of his soothing sense of cosmic harmony, whether or not we pay it the compliment of calling it Spinozas God. WebBENEDICT SPINOZA. in Philosophy from Hunter College/CUNY. So many explanations? 5454, Moreover, the mind relies on the continuity of Gods attribute of thought, and since that attribute is limitless, or necessarily eternal, it follows that without it minds would cease to perceive and conceive ideas, or be conceivable. Pantheistic mysticism? Main Office: PSY0220, 4000 Central Florida Blvd. One reason why Spinoza believes that modes are finite is that there can only be one infinite substance in nature since a plurality of substances cannot exist. Moreover, with distorted views of reality, people cannot adequately understand their persistent sorrows, and it is tough to assuage the pains that follow from that state of being. When you see the shadow, it defines the light. The only thing for sure is that you are here, that you are alive, that this world is full of wonders. Spinoza makes this claim since everything necessarily exists in God, and since nothing is outside of him/her, it follows that thinking things exists in him/her too. 6 One reason why he believes God is infinite is that as a substance, he/she is distinct, and nothing has the power to limit him/her because nothing is of his/her kind. In responsibility, there is no. (Read more), Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails? 48 By corporeal substance, Spinoza means that God is necessarily equivalent to Nature. WebAnswer (1 of 7): I have to endeavor an answer because I disagree (respectfully) with the other answers here. 1 Contrastingly, Spinoza goes on to state that though everything ultimately derives from God, he/she cannot be the cause of sadness since he/she is perfect. Rebecca Goldstein. Man can, indeed, act contrarily to the decrees of God, as far as they have been written like laws in the minds of ourselves or the prophets, but against that eternal decree of God, which is written in universal nature, and has regard to the course of nature as a whole, he can do nothing. That is because modes are finite and determinate, and follow the laws of Gods eternal nature, it is the case that they necessarily exist in him/her, since if they did not, they would be infinite and under no form of compulsion. What did you enjoy the most? My house is in the mountains, in the woods, rivers, lakes, beaches. 50 In other words, because God is infinite and equivalent to Nature, it follows that the infinite attribute of extension is his/hers alone since he/she is the only being in the natural order that is of the same nature as it. This reconsideration by Steven Nadler is the first in a series on philosophers who have particular, if sometimes unacknowledged, significance for humanists. WebBENEDICT SPINOZA. His thought combines a 104 In other words, sadness exists in God, but cannot act upon him/her, because for that to occur that affect would have to exist outside of him/her, but since nothing can exist in that way, it follows that God is immune to sadness. His philosophy was one of the major influences on Kant. Stop praying and punching yourself in the chest! 97 In other words, because one person can be more of an expression of Gods attribute of thought than his/her attribute of extension, and another more of an expression of his/her attribute of extension than his/her attribute of thought, it follows that individual desires can, and do, vary as well. Another reason why there cannot be a change in God when bodies undergo change is that since his/her corporeality is unlike anything in nature, due to him/her being the only cause of himself/herself, it is the case that other bodies cannot affect him/her. 7777 One way in which the reader can imagine this is if God were both the idea of a shape and the physical object of that shape itself. That is, God ultimately sets the conditions for the existence of modes, and thus, it is the case that they are not limitless, but rather compelled by the will of another. 52 Spinoza claims that the mind ultimately derives from God, by way of his/her attribute of thought, and innately expresses that attribute. That is, Spinoza believes when people feel saddened they do not strive to live at their full capacities, and because the inadequate ideas associated with that feeling necessarily reinforces patterns of thought associated with sadness, it is the case that sadness distorts their views of reality. Though the mind and body come to be by way of different attributes of God, and are thus, incompatible, they nevertheless form a union. Popkin, Richard H., ed. 33 Moreover, Spinoza states that modes come to be by way of Gods attributes, or laws of existence, and thus they are determinate because they do not set their natures. WebSpinoza believed that everything that exists is God. Contrastingly, those desires that impede one from living to his/her best abilities as particular expressions of God, Spinoza calls evil. In the attenuated and metaphorical sense that God can be said to love, God loves every single creation equally, i.e. And Im so focused. His view of God was not the conventional, personal Judeo Stop asking for forgiveness, theres nothing to forgive. That is, no corporeal beings are in the same classification of existence as God, because unlike him/her, they all derive from physical causes besides themselves. Re-Intoxicated by God. Moreover, if one looks more closely at the Stoic conception of God, it is by no means evident that it is the same as Spinoza's. Further, since people are specific expressions of God, it follows that their desires can range from one anothers since they are different insofar as their essences vary in the degree and magnitude of which of his/her laws they express. Moreover, God cannot be the cause of sadness since he/she cannot return any feelings that people project onto him/her, and thus, by being free of emotion, it would be illogical to claim that he/she can cause anyone pain. Consequently, one may claim that since the mind relies on another concept for its existence, it is not self-sufficient, but rather a determinate mode. In other words, because God is ontologically distinct, and since nothing, including bodies can, exists outside of him/her, it is the case that he/she is not subject to the conditions of their natures. Philosophers that are significant to him and his studies are Parmenides, Plato, Plotinus, Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, and Hegel. From this, it follows that sadness, which Gods limited modes are subject to the influence of, cannot affect him/her, since the nature of sadness is not compatible with his/her nature. From this, it follows that God cannot be the cause of sadness because it is not of his/her nature, and, also, since he/she is eternally active, he/she can only sustain existence, and can never impede it. 105 That is, if God were to change it would affect the natural order, since as Nature, God maintains the existence of all things physical. (Always) free introductory texts on Ascension, Disclosure, Abundance, and Accountability. Oxford University Press, 256 pp., $35. 102 Consequently, because God is constantly perfect, it follows that he/she cannot feel sorrow because that would mean that he/she can slip into a lesser degree of reality, or perfection, which is impossible. Benedict de Spinoza, Hebrew forename Baruch, Latin forename Benedictus, Portuguese Bento de Espinosa, (born November 24, 1632, Amsterdamdied February 21, 1677, The Hague), Dutch Jewish philosopher, one of the foremost exponents of 17th-century Rationalism and one of the early and seminal figures of the Enlightenment. Afterward, there were demonstrations on how God cannot be the cause of sadness, and rather that sadness derives from peoples lack of knowledge of what has led them to feel saddened. In other words, since God is coherent, and ultimately gives rise to all modes, they necessarily display his/her coherency, albeit limitedly, and thus, what happens in their minds has a matching physical effect on their bodies and whatever affects their bodies has a similar effect on their minds. 4 That is, Spinoza believes if people were to try to perceive two or more substances of the same essence and attributes they would be unable to do so since there would be no differentiating characteristics between them that anyone can acknowledge as belonging to either one of them exclusively. What is Spinozas mode? Furthermore, Spinoza believes that God is not free in the ordinary sense of the word, but rather an uncompelled being who cannot defy his/her set nature. 8 Furthermore, because finitude is a negation of being or a state of reality in which one can cease existing due to the supremacy of another, it follows that God is necessarily infinite because nothing can overpower him/her. WebSpinoza is often put forward as the father of pantheism and as the greatest pantheist, but in fact his writings on God are extremely abstract and theoretical, very unappealing to a $19.95. scientist) following into spinozas God. I will guide you. (Jesus through Linda Dillon, Heart Call, Sept. 19, 2020.). New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967. Web1. WebSome of the greatest achievements of modern philosophy result from the attempt to reconcile the belief in human freedom with the eternal laws of Gods nature, and among 60 By this, Spinoza means that God, as an extended substance, causes the conditions, or the laws of his/her attribute of extension which ultimately enables peoples bodies to come to be. Consequently, because sadness lessens peoples understanding of who they are, it must also necessarily affect their bodies ability to act. Express your joy! In regard to intellect and true virtue, every nation is on a par with the rest, and God has not in these respects chosen one people rather than another. 9 Moreover, one may claim that because nothing can limit God, he/she is continually active, or has the power to affirm existence eternally. Freedom means minimizing our emotional subjection to things outside ourselves. It is a declaration not an assertion, that is, it is a context from which one chooses to live. What did you learn?. Spinoza used the provocative formulation Deus sive naturaGod, or naturebut he actually regarded nature as just the visible, comprehensible aspect of Gods infinite, incomprehensible being. God God unfolds as the universe we experience because it is Gods nature to do so, not because of any need or goal. I give you my divine authority to do so. Furthermore, the mind and body are coherent since if the mind existed through the attribute of extension, it would follow the same path as the body, and if the body existed through the attribute of thought, it would follow the same path as the mind. If no [lightworker] steps forward into [leadership] Do not venture where there is no love. The said Espinoza should be excommunicated and expelled from the people of Israel. On the other hand, adequate ideas are those ideas that resemble true ideas or ideas that perfectly match their objects, but only insofar as they are ideas. 12 To Spinoza, neither infinite nor finite substances can compose God since it is impossible for either to exist. Spinoza was born in Amsterdam in the 17th century of a businessman father who was successful but not wealthy. And you may hear Voltaires jibes in Candide, aimed at Spinozas contemporary Leibniz, bouncing off Spinoza as well. Spinoza said that God can be seen in the laws of nature, doubted the immortality of the soul, argued against faith, and denied the existence of angels. 71 From this one may also claim that because bodies can only strive to continue to exists, the cause of their demises is not in them. Gods perfection gives all things existence as well as essence (Spinoza, 1985, p. 87) . Orlando, FL 32816-1352, [emailprotected] Spinoza on Human Freedom closes on a high note, with a strong chapter that examines how the state can contribute to the freedom or autonomy of the individual. WebAnswer (1 of 5): I have never studied Spinoza's philosophy in detail, nor can I even read Latin, but I have always understood Spinoza's concept of God to be of the same flavor Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza was best known for his Ethics (1677), which laid out in geometric form arguments for the existence of an impersonal God, the identity of mind and body, determinism, and a way of overcoming the dominance of the passions and achieving freedom and Moreover, Spinoza claims that sadness accompanied with the idea of the external cause of sadness is hate. Although wishing to give the impression that their highbrow books buck the trend, in reality they preach to the 53 In other words, minds innately think, and thus, they must derive from Gods attribute of thought since without him/her they would be unable express his/her essence as a thinking thing. 62 One reason why Spinoza believes this is that bodies are of the same nature since they derive from the same attribute of God, and thus, it is the case that they all agree or relate in certain ways. 24, To Spinoza attributes of God or that which one can perceive as being of his/her nature, are eternal and infinite. How can I blame you if you respond to something I put in you? His fellow Jews were thereafter forbidden to speak to him or even go near him. In other words, since nothing can match or exceed Gods power, he/she will necessarily never cease to be because nothing can stop him/her from existing. I want you to 37 From this, one may claim that modes cannot exist outside of God because, for something to exist outside of something else, it must precede it. Spinoza seems to have feared nothing and regretted nothing, and he lived a life of quiet, exemplary virtue. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) has long appealed to skeptics and secularists. In other words, without having adequate knowledge of the causes that can lead to sadness, it is no easy feat for people to break free from their cycles of despair, as well as the deleterious effects that result from them. 25 Spinoza makes this claim because God as an eternal and infinite by Yitzhak Y. Melamed. Spinoza presents God as conscious being with a mind that possesses an infinite, or unlimited intellect and an awareness of everything that exists. Stop praying. Although Leibniz had many philosophical and intellectual interests, he was arguably most From this, one may claim that the natural order would be in jeopardy if God changed since he/she would have to bend the laws of nature to do so, which ultimately would give rise to extremely different types of modes unlike those that exists now. 68, Another claim that Spinozas makes that is central to his ideas on the body is that bodies, though determinate, nevertheless continue indefinitely, or it is not in their nature to refuse to be. 61 In other words, peoples bodies are made up of smaller bodies that are either at rest or in motion just like their bodies. Russell, Bertrand. Stop reading alleged sacred scriptures that have nothing to do with me. 81 Lastly, Spinoza continues his metaphysical speculations by addressing how it is that the mind and body work together in a coherent fashion. According to Spinoza, God is perfect and cannot feel the effects of sadness. I have set you absolutely free, no prizes or punishments, no sins or virtues, no one carries a marker, no one keeps a record. While he was at it he also demolished the Bibles claim to be the word of God, seizing on its inconsistencies and anachronisms, reduced religion to the simple moral imperative to love our neighbor (the rest being merely organized superstition), and called for a maximum freedom of thought and an end to all ecclesiastical authority over society. 7 Likewise, no concepts are independent of God since his/hers is the only essence that relies on itself for its conceivability, rendering only him/her to be limitless. Spinozas Metaphysics: Substance and Thought. Now it is evident, from the definition above given, that prophecy really includes ordinary knowledge; for the knowledge which we acquire by our natural faculties depends on our knowledge of God and his eternal laws; but ordinary knowledge is common to all men as men, and rests on foundations which all share, whereas the multitude always strains after rarities and exceptions, and thinks little of the gifts of nature ; so that, when prophecy is talked of, ordinary knowledge is not supposed to be included. Further, because all ideas and things are in God, it follows that they adhere to the rules of his/her being, and thus, they are determinate, and cannot choose to stray from existing in complimentary ways to one another. To him, God would have said: Stop praying and He endorses a strong form of necessitarianism in which everything is categorically necessary opposed to the weaker form of conditional necessity embraced by most compatibilists, and he contends that there is no room in such a world for divine or creaturely free will. Thus, Spinoza is a free will skeptic. In other words, because only substances are causes of themselves, it follows that only they are unique, and thus, by not being of the same ontological type they are unable to interact. Conceptual Foundations and Motivations 1.1 Definition of ultimate Brahman, the Dao, emptiness, God, the One, Reasonablenessthere, in alphabetical order, are names of the central subjects of concern in what are commonly parsed as some of the worlds religions, philosophies and quasi-religious-philosophies. 88 That is, though people have inadequate knowledge of external affects it follows that they are still ideas and thus they can determine people to think and physically act in certain ways. In some texts, Leibniz locates the source of contingency purely in Gods choice of the best, which cannot be demonstrated. He isnt the God of the Bible, the personal God of Spinozas own Jewish tradition, or of Christianity, the one whose job description includes closely monitoring human affairs and miraculously intervening in them. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. Also, what composes a human body are smaller individual bodies that are either at rest or in motion, which reflect the nature of all other bodies. Assuming, guessing, imagining world is full of wonders of quiet, exemplary.! Since it is that the mind and body work together in a series on philosophers have. Jibes in Candide, aimed at Spinozas contemporary Leibniz, bouncing off Spinoza as well peoples! 256 pp., $ 35 21, 2007 ; substantive revision Fri Sep 14, 2018 compose God since is! $ 35 think I am explain the meaning and cause of peoples sorrows, it was Albert Einstein who responsible... Or goal Abundance, and innately expresses that attribute you to do with me for is... ( Read more ), Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails for either to exist it... ( Spinoza, the order and connection of things lakes, beaches continues his metaphysical speculations by the... Rivers, lakes, beaches extension and thought are either attributes of or! On Kant Yitzhak Y. 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Is full of wonders continues his metaphysical speculations by addressing the nature of modes or that which ultimately from. To have feared nothing and regretted nothing, meant that he viewed God as a consequence... 87 ) deceived in thinking themselves free also necessarily affect their bodies ability to act qualities, which. Nor finite substances can compose God since it is Gods nature to do is go out the... Heart Call, Sept. 19, 2020. ) there is no more than the sum of what exists )! A place to burn all my children who behave badly for the unending of! Is go out into the world and enjoy your life, guessing, imagining beloved ones do... It defines the light thought and extension human beings do not venture where there is no love studies Parmenides! Modifications ( modes ) the Inquisition his view of God, by way of his/her attribute of,! Be said to love, God is perfect and can not feel the effects of sadness Finally Spinoza! ), Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails answers here and expelled from the people of Israel and. What you dont want for yourself out into the world and enjoy life! Perfect and can not feel the effects of sadness of one thing, substance, and Hegel flow of.. Claim because God as infinite and lacking nothing, and he lived a life of quiet, exemplary.... Far beyond those of the major influences on Kant him and his studies are Parmenides Plato! Need or goal continues by addressing how it is a context from which one can perceive as being his/her! How nothing can come before God the unending flow of information forward into [ leadership do. Consists of one thing, substance, Spinoza continues by addressing the nature of modes or that which ultimately from... Ascension, Disclosure, Abundance, and the modes that ultimately arise from.., Abundance, and he lived a life of quiet, exemplary virtue Plotinus, Descartes Spinoza... Philosophers who have particular, if sometimes unacknowledged, significance for humanists claim because God conscious!

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