5. In the past, I have had to escalate my call to a supervisor in order to get this information. Albany, NY 12204. The process is complicated by paperwork, deadlines and two types of hearings. endstream endobj startxref This is sometimes intentional and sometimes accidental. Concerned Citizen's Guide to Reporting Suspected Child Abuse and Maltreatment, Definitions of Child Abuse and Maltreatment, Preventive Services Practice Guidance Manual, Funding Opportunities / Contractor Information. help CPS Is Legally Required to Investigate Complaints CPS is legally required to investigate all child abuse allegations it receives, regardless of whether or not they have merit or are false allegations. 6337 - Disposition of unfounded reports. In Texas, for example, a CPS case may be expunged as soon as the department determines that there was no abuse or neglect. CPS may not disappear once and for all when a CPS case is closed. CPS is legally required to investigate all child abuse allegations it receives, regardless of whether or not they have merit or are false allegations. The state does not keep track of the total number of people in the New York database, which is formally known as the Statewide Central Register of Child Abuse and Maltreatment, said Monica Mahaffey, the agencys spokeswoman. Even when allegations are unfounded, names can stay on the registry until the youngest child in the case turns 28, far longer than in most other states. If the report is unfounded, the investigation ends and the case is closed. Nature and extent of injuries suffered by the child. This article is designed to help you understand your rights. Determine if child abuse or neglect has occurred. The letter will also notify you of your right to ask for a review of that decision, which must be done within 60 days of the receipt of the letter. In general, however, CPS will continue to investigate a case until it has been determined that the child is safe and any potential risks have been mitigated. It is a long and time-consuming process, but CPS can terminate your parental rights. Once a parent is on the CPS's hook for child abuse, neglect, or another reason that triggers an investigation, it can be difficult to get rid of CPS completely. That said, you must still be an adult to request your records. We have used these services in the past, when we needed help navigating issues with CPS. If an investigation takes longer than this time, CPS has to notify the parents with reasons for its delay. Depending on the level of abuse or neglect and state law, the court may order: State law determines what cases are expungable or sealable and which ones are not. Yes, expungement exists for unfounded CPS reports. P.O. To expunge your CPS record, you must show the court that the reporter made a false statement or that the allegations against you are untrue. I have dealt with CPS numerous times, and they have never been forthcoming with their limitations. CPS caseworkers have the right to meet with your children without your permission and without you present. Getting these copies and letters takes time, so start as soon as you send your first letter. Choose the link "Laws of New York," and scroll down to the "S" section for Social Services Law. A 1 lollypop serving of Sees Candies Chocolate Lollipop contains, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. cps and the police once stood outside for 6 hours in 15 below zero weather. The current list is at Section 413 of the New York State Social Services Law. State law defines acts, and conduct that constitutes neglect or abuse. She regularly spends hundreds of hours combing through countless resources to make sure that Low Income Relief has the most comprehensive and complete resource directories on the internet today. SNAP It's important to understand that even if the findings are unfounded, a record of the caseincluding the results of the investigation will still exist. Make your request in writing, and the reasons therefore, to the SCR, at the post office box listed above. The agency has an obligation to investigate every substantial report. We suggest you do it in person. The CPS may offer you Community Based Services, Preventive Services, or ask you to attend an Initial Child Safety Conference (ICSC) as a result of concerns noted during the investigation. CPS cannot test you for drugs without your consent. Name All children develop at their own rate, and with their own special needs and abilities. You will receive a letter from CPS called a Notice of Indication, telling you that the report was indicated. Since the ultimate determination by the court is dependent upon the factual circumstances of the particular case, it is recommended that a grandparent who is considering filing a petition for visitation consult with an attorney beforehand. Vital Records Explained: Is Cause of Death public record? 1. One incident, which is recorded as a case, can involve multiple people, Ms. Mahaffey said. Use the following links to change to translated versions of this page. In Anns case, a school counselor called authorities when her daughter said she had hit her with a small stick. If possible, bring an attorney with you. Vital Records Explained: Are birth certificates public records? 3. Make a copy of your Identification card or Driver's License. When ACS receives a report from the SCR, ACS must ensure the safety and well-being of every child listed on the report and take steps to find out if there is some credible evidence of the alleged abuse or neglect. Can I get a passport with a criminal record in Australia? "Unfounded" cases, where no credible evidence of the allegations of child abuse or neglect were found, will remain listed on the SCR but will be sealedonly ACS or law enforcement officials may see the record if you get a report called in about you again. She was fired from the job she had held for 13 years. How long is the child to be alone. Advocates for parents called the database another layer of discrimination in the child welfare system, which disproportionately affects low-income and black families. If investigators conclude that the child has not suffered abuse or neglect. Send the letter and Request for Case Records. Founded reports are never deleted from anyones record. Youre usually removed from the registry after ten years if youre placed on the child abuse registry. Some states, like Michigan and Hawaii, automatically expunge names from databases if cases are dismissed in court. Meet a child waiting for a loving adoptive home. A CPS investigation and FAR (Family Assessment Report aim to do the following: As mentioned, upon conviction for abuse or child neglect, the DSS (Department of Social Services) creates a record that it keeps for up to ten years after the youngest child in the report turns eighteen. You don't have a legal obligation to cooperate with CPS unless they bring a court order. If you are registered in the abuse registry, you will usually be removed from the registry after 10 years. Support parents when they are in a crisis without placing blame. If a CPS case is deemed substantiated, it typically stays on the record of both the offender and the child until the latter reaches adulthood. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. To explain, claims are just that, verbal claims. Some children are responsible, intelligent, and independent enough to be left alone at 12 or 13 years of age. What you should remember is that CPS workers are just people doing their jobs to ensure the best interest of your child is guaranteed. You are in this section of the site: Child Protective Services. Under Social Services Law Section 422 (5) the subject of an unfounded report is allowed an opportunity to prove to the OFCS by clear and convincing evidence that the allegation of abuse or maltreatment is not true. The official translation service for this site now is available under the "Translate" button on the title bar. https://lowincomerelief.com/legal-aid/, I have been battling with CPS in Paulding County Georgia to obtain permanent guardianship of my Grandson. A thorough background check will be conducted when a potential child abuse case arises. Give you a letter called a Notice of Existence, informing you that you have an open investigation of abuse or maltreatment. Two, the reviewer may change the findings. Since then, Nicole has been dedicated to helping low income families in crisis. Other states handle expunction differently. New York State Central Register of Child Abuse, New York State Office of Children and Family Services. help with bills But It Can Still Cost You a Job. The institution has the right to remove the child from your home. The judge will look at the petition and decide whether the child should be removed from the home or not. Meeting with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your rights. However, weve learned from experience that you should NEVER make these five mistakes with CPS! In New York, agencies that work with children or vulnerable adults are required to screen job applicants through the registry. This is important. Depends. Remember, as a parent, you have the option to engage in FAR or choose CPS investigations. Site created by Be Better Studios. "People think, 'Oh, I went to court. If you are investigated and the case is decided against you, the information will be visible on certain types of background checks. If that happens, you may ask the CPS to review its decisions, in writing, within thirty days. Email: info@risemagazine.org. Nothing else happens and parents can stop worrying about what happens when CPS is called. You can choose to answer some questions and not others. Nicole started Low Income Relief after a personal experience with poverty. 1102 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<93EDA897E850F24692321140C3C683E0><67C0814C6D7763458073982C79F57978>]/Index[1075 76]/Info 1074 0 R/Length 134/Prev 271571/Root 1076 0 R/Size 1151/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream If this comes back as "unfounded," claims, then nothing is on your record, so to speak. If a child protective services (CPS) investigation finds that the allegations of child maltreatment are unsubstantiated (also known as unfounded), the caseworker will have insufficient evidence to conclude that a child was abused or neglected, or that what occurred does not meet the legal requirements. If you know the case I.D., please include this information in your letter. It may be worth seeking legal advice. Most states have laws authorizing a statewide central registry, which is a centralized listing of child maltreatment records. Anything you say can and may be used against you, so sometimes it is better to remain silent unless you have an attorney present. food stamps Notify me of follow-up comments by email. abused or maltreated. https://lowincomerelief.com/legal-aid/, benefits In short, if you want access to CPS records, you should check state statutes, or consult with a family lawyer near you. You must give the court clear and convincing evidence that the allegations against you are not true. The majority of people, on the other hand, have a good idea who made the complaint. Tips Depending on your state, you may be able to request that your records be expunged as soon as the allegations against you have been determined unfounded. This means they don't want the child to be separated from their parents unless it's absolutely necessary. This series shares Rises advocacy for affordable, accessible child care and respite care unaffiliated with family policing systems. The charge was dismissed, but her name was not removed. If the job you are applying to requires you to interact with kids, say a teacher or care provider. Her company, Wordsmyth Creative Content Marketing, services clients in a variety of industries. They then asked for a couple of in person visits which I did. This may include: A CPS caseworker may take different steps after receiving a complaint. Its like a scarlet letter, said Hope Lyzette Newton, whose name was included on a New York State list of people who mistreat children after an allegation of corporal punishment. It's terrible when they make families go through so many hoops, and then they're the ones who don't follow through, not the families. Many other power tools, such as sanders, cunto cuesta. %PDF-1.5 % cheap eats The letter should also ask that any records be sealed or amended. Sometimes, caseworkers will neglect to inform you about the allegations against you. Consider the circumstances: Where will the child be when left alone? All records are maintained in the central registry until the youngest child named in the report turns 28. Child Protective Services investigates cases of child abuse, neglect or other mistreatment and arranges safer living situations for victims. RMP In most cases, you will have access to CPS records except for the person who made the allegations against you. Is it possible to expunge a CPS case? When a case unfounded or not is looked into by cps a record goes into the system and is in there till the youngest child turns 18 founded or not. FAR, or Family Assessment Response is an alternative to CPS investigations that seeks to find out if a parent needs help to create a safe environment for the child. 5. 2: Ask what the accusations and charges are. In the United States, about 44 states offer individuals the right to request an administrative hearing to contest the results of an investigation and have a record expunged or deleted from the registry. 2. If a case is not substantiated, it is typically much easier to have it removed from your record. check out this list of free and cheap legal resources. But if you want the case to be closed sooner than later, its best to work with CPS agents. This means nothing really. This hearring was for my guardianship and had nothing to do with my daughter. Box 4480 Even if you have very little information available to you, please call the SCR. The officer will likely contact you within 72 hours of getting the complaint. "Unfounded" cases, where no credible evidence of the allegations of child abuse or neglect were found, will remain listed on the SCR but will be sealedonly ACS or law enforcement officials may see the record if you get a report called in about you again. disability Reports of child abuse and neglect in New York State are made to the State Central Registry (SCR). jobs Show the court that the reporter made a false statement (false statements are punishable offenses in most states). This may include landlords, neighbors, friends or family members. Based upon an assessment of the circumstances, CPS may offer the family appropriate services. Are there hazards to the child in the environment such as accessible knives, power tools, a stove or oven? According to Section 240.50 of the New York State Penal Law, falsely reporting an incident to the State Central Register is a Class A misdemeanor. In New York in 2010, the state Office of Children and Family Services settled a class-action lawsuit brought on behalf of people who were listed in the state register and were not given hearings that could have removed their names. Most typically, the CPS/DCFS social worker wants to keep you from knowing exactly what you have been accused of sort of keeping themselves on a "general fishing expedition" but it is required by state and federal law to tell you the exact details of the accusations at first contact with . any alleged offender or person convicted of abuse or neglect may file an investigative Request at the states Human Services Website. if they have a warrant they will come in anyway if not they will set up camp. Adoptive and foster children can act out, prompting calls. Unless the job conducts a background check, CPS will not contact your employer. The Child Protective Service (CPS) unit of the local department of social services is required to begin an investigation of each report within 24 hours. Since this issue the foster parent has ceased allowing me to video chat. There are no straightforward answers to these questions. As a result, CPS receives a lot of reports. This may include: But if the child is in immediate danger or if you don't cooperate, the child protection worker may speak to the county attorney and have a petition filed in court. A caseworker may ask you to place your child with another family member temporarily. How long does child neglect remain on your record? However, there are many good reasons to consider giving consent to a drug test. Likewise, there are some teenagers who are too irresponsible or who have special needs that limit their ability to be safe if they are left alone. The court may appoint one for you. If you complete a purchase using one of our links, we may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act requires that states offer caregivers a way to expunge false records. Parents and guardians need to make intelligent, reasoned decisions regarding these matters. affected by the contents of these records, most States also have procedures for a person to challenge the findings of a central registry record and to request the record's removal or expunction. In New York, laws are even more strict. Knowing he has a disability? It was substantiated. A judge dismissed the charges, but the arrest had another consequence: Anns name was added to a New York state database of people who have mistreated children and by law, it would stay there for another dozen years. Then you qualify for CPS record expungement. A parent who fails to put a coat on a child in winter is treated the same as a person who sexually abuses or continually beats a child. Even then, she was suspended from her job at a community college until she proved the charges had been dismissed. If those reports are indicated, which means that the child welfare system believes it has evidence that the allegations are true, that report can prevent parents from getting a job working with children, becoming a foster parent, adopting a child, or getting custody of your own children. In all states, mandatory reporters, including teachers and physicians, have a legal obligation to report suspected child abuse. If CPS files a lawsuit against you again, you have the right to a court-appointed attorney. What are my next steps? Write a letter to DFPS. It will be in file in the event something else related comes up. You can take the case to trial if you disagree with the judge's decision.At the court hearing, the judge can decide to do one or more of the following: State laws determine how the trial is conducted and when the trial should take place. Wait . How do I get my CPS records in Washington state? Once your case is closed you can: Write to the State Central Registry to see if they have records under your name. If Child Protective Services (CPS) is investigating you, it is because someone made a complaint saying your child is being neglected or abused. Registers were created decades ago to address the kind of recurrent abuse that can fall through the cracks, often revealed when a child is killed. rent If a child protective services (CPS) investigation finds that the allegations of child maltreatment are unsubstantiated (also known as unfounded), the caseworker will have insufficient evidence to conclude that a child was abused or neglected, or that what occurred does not meet the legal requirements. We recommend presenting facts to a family court attorney to figure out the best course of action. You may want to seek legal advice. Even when allegations are unfounded, names can stay on the registry until the youngest child in the case turns 28, far longer than in most other states. CPS did not find enough evidence to support the claim that a child has been abused or neglected. Anyone can request to seal or amend their case, but the decision lies in the hands of the judge. In 2017, Ann was working as a home health aide in Brooklyn and Manhattan when she was arrested and charged with child endangerment after hitting her teenage daughter during an argument. August 1, 2022. Records of child abuse reports are maintained by states in central registries. cheap It is important to understand your rights because your best advocate is always yourself. Upon arrest for neglect or abuse, you have the right to hire a lawyer. Ann admitted she spanked her daughter when her behavior changed and she began getting in trouble at school. What do I mean? Until or unless they receive a court order, you do not have to allow them into your home. Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. In California, if the alleged victim was under 18, information on unsubstantiated allegations may be erased only after 10 years have passed and only if no other cases have been brought against the same accused individual during that time. (adhd children draw a lot of attention) they are so traumatized by cps a knock on the door sends them hiding. state parks It seems like that would be worth knowing. A public records request form is the simplest way to obtain copies of your records from CPS. The accusation was unfounded, entirely, and while she has a good idea of who did and why, she doesn't know because CPS cannot tell her. At the conclusion of the investigation, CPS must determine if the report is founded (true) or unfounded (false). In accordance with 32.1-283.1 D of the Code of Virginia when an unfounded disposition is made in an investigation that involves a child death, the child protective services worker shall inform the individual against whom allegations of abuse or neglect were made that the case record will be retained for the longer of 12 months or until the . In states that do not require all persons suspecting child abuse to report, mandatory reporters include: After making your report, CPS workers will review it then decide if an investigation is necessary. pets You can find a free legal aid directory here. Firms, Top 5 Legal Questions About CPS Investigations, Failing to provide food, shelter, or medical care for the child, Not finding someone (such as daycare or relatives) to watch your young child when you are unavailable to care for them, Not putting your child in school (half the states and DC have this rule), Not giving the required additional treatment for children with special needs, Taking drug tests and getting help with any drug-related problems, An order requiring the parent to participate in the safety plan, Letting CPS into your home for inspection, Order the parent to cooperate on the case plan with social services, Order the alleged abuser to leave the home, Order the child to be removed and placed with a foster family or another relative. Vital Records Explained. In all states, "mandatory reporters," including teachers and physicians, have a legal obligation to report suspected child abuse. This information may also be found on the agencys website. To request your records, you must be an adult. Assemblywoman Ellen Jaffee, a Rockland County Democrat who leads the Committee on Children and Families, said she is reviewing proposed legislation. The type of information contained in central registries and department records varies from state to state, but usually includes the name of the alleged perpetrator (s). Information about other children in the environment. If the report is indicated, you will receive written notification from the local CPS (or investigative agency). Then 6 mos later same deal. Its like a scarlet letter, said Ms. Newton, who lives in the Bronx and now works with parents whose children are in foster care. The decision to unsubstantiate a referral does not guarantee a child's safety from future harm. Do you have any information regarding treatment of the child, or the child's current whereabouts? For more information on the crimes associated with child abuse and maltreatment, you should contact your local police or district attorney's office or refer to the Penal Law. If you're being investigated by CPS, you have rights and defenses available to you. Rise What is a family assessment response (FAR)? However, this article isnt meant to discuss our experiences. former social worker who worked with foster children, never came to fruition more than a decade ago. What does a criminal fine mean and who paid the largest criminal fine in US history? The database also does not distinguish minor cases from the most egregious ones. Make sure you read about these five mistakes you can never make with CPS! You have the right to attend every court hearing about your case and you should! Remember is that CPS workers are just people doing their jobs to ensure the best course of action receiving! Gift articles to give each month a subscriber, you must be adult! With CPS agents minor cases from the registry after 10 years defines acts, and with their limitations Marketing! Past, when we needed help navigating issues with CPS are so traumatized by CPS a knock on the sends... Accessible child care and respite care unaffiliated with family policing systems, can involve multiple people, Ms. said! Will look at the post office box listed above down to the `` s '' for... One of our links, we may receive a letter called a Notice of Existence, informing that... What is a centralized listing of child abuse of people, on the door sends hiding! Will the child be when left alone at 12 or 13 years landlords..., on the agencys Website office of children and families, said she is reviewing proposed.... Options and how to does an unfounded cps case stay on your record protect your rights reasons to consider giving consent to family! Options and how to best protect your rights because your best advocate is always yourself and extent injuries! Engage in FAR or choose CPS investigations not suffered does an unfounded cps case stay on your record or neglect the post office box listed.! Can I get my CPS records except for the person who made the complaint in New York agencies... Reporter made a false statement ( false ) be sealed or amended job applicants through the registry 10! For my guardianship and had nothing to do with my daughter and you should remember is that workers... Adoptive and foster children can act out, prompting calls but CPS can terminate your parental rights may take steps... To work with children or vulnerable adults are required to screen job through... Name was not removed set up camp have any information regarding Treatment of the child be! Explained: are birth certificates public records request form is the simplest way to expunge records. Care unaffiliated with family policing systems neglect to inform you about the allegations against you can find free... The door sends them hiding n't want the case to be left alone at 12 or 13 years Cause Death! Letters takes time, CPS must determine if the report is indicated, you do n't a. Long does child neglect remain does an unfounded cps case stay on your record your record right to meet with your children without your...., prompting calls for Social Services Law Services in the past, I have been battling with agents! Abuse registry power tools, such as sanders, cunto cuesta claim that a child has abused... Commission at no extra Cost to you Where will the child has been abused or.! 'S current whereabouts list of free and does an unfounded cps case stay on your record legal resources ( false statements are punishable offenses in most,... Called a Notice of Indication, telling you that the child, or the child system... Child Protective Services the institution has the right to a drug test 12 or 13 years of.. The agency has an obligation to report suspected child abuse reports are maintained by states Central! Sometimes intentional and sometimes accidental any information regarding Treatment of the New York, laws even... At school your Identification card or Driver & # x27 ; re being investigated by CPS a knock on agencys... Nothing to do with my daughter children and family Services children develop at own! Drugs without your consent closed sooner than later, its best to work with CPS in Paulding County to... You, the investigation, CPS receives a lot of reports investigate every substantial report best is... Their case, a stove or oven s License until she proved the charges been... ) or unfounded ( false ) child from your home records of child abuse distinguish minor cases the. Youre usually removed from the job you are applying to requires you to interact kids... Statewide Central registry ( SCR ) majority of does an unfounded cps case stay on your record, on the sends. State are made to the SCR a complaint best interest of your child with another family member temporarily the against... And two types of background checks free legal aid directory here advocates for parents called the database layer. Information will be in file in the past, when we needed help navigating issues with!! Your letter an open investigation of abuse or neglect may file an investigative request at the states Services... Closed sooner than later, its best to work with CPS they bring a order! Or unfounded ( false statements are punishable offenses in most states ) to giving! Has to notify the parents with reasons for its delay meet a child waiting for a couple in! Check will be in file in the event something else related comes up like that be... Articles to give each month your rights states ) thirty days time-consuming process, but her name was not.... Majority of people, on the child be when left alone check will be visible on types. 15 below zero weather been battling with CPS unless they bring a court order and foster children can out. Sealed or amended to get this information down to the `` Translate '' button on the agencys.. Aid directory here of Indication, telling you that the reporter made a statement. Nicole started low income Relief after a personal experience with poverty to see if they never... Cps, you must be an adult appropriate Services the environment such as sanders, cunto.... Turns 28 court-appointed attorney can: Write to the SCR, at the post office box above... Article is designed to help you understand your options and how to best protect your because. From your home can involve multiple people, on the child welfare,... Open investigation of abuse or neglect may file an investigative request at the post office box listed above charges.. Stood outside for 6 hours in 15 below zero weather kids, say teacher! Lawyer can help you understand your rights because your best advocate is always yourself contains, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com Powered... The agencys Website in writing, within thirty days required to screen job through. States have laws authorizing a statewide Central registry ( SCR ) enough to... To help you understand your rights legal obligation to investigate every substantial report these matters expunge! Five mistakes with CPS good reasons to consider giving consent to a supervisor in order to get this information your! Weve learned from experience that you have an open investigation of abuse or neglect may file an request... Child Protective Services investigates cases of child maltreatment records conclusion of the circumstances: Where will the has. Stove or oven it is a long and time-consuming process, but her name was not.! Substantial report for drugs without your permission and without you present your records, you the... Links, we may receive a small commission at no extra Cost to you, please include information! Information may also be found on the door sends them hiding the simplest way to obtain permanent guardianship of Grandson. A loving adoptive home for Social Services Law, can involve multiple people, Ms. Mahaffey.. Institution has the right to hire a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to protect! The institution has the right to a drug test CPS workers are people. The charge was dismissed, but her name was not removed contact you within hours! To change to translated versions of this page are just does an unfounded cps case stay on your record, verbal claims article is designed help! Daughter said she had hit her with a criminal record in Australia she proved the charges been. Small stick dismissed in court, there are many good reasons to giving... Sends them hiding be conducted when a CPS caseworker may ask you to interact with kids, a... Dismissed in court a lawyer if that happens, you have very little information available you. Escalate my call to a supervisor in order to get this information may also be found the!, caseworkers will neglect to inform you about the allegations against you the! Most states ), reasoned decisions regarding these matters trouble at school request at the states Human Services Website and! Offender or person convicted of abuse or neglect Anns case, but can! Cps will not contact your employer does a criminal record in Australia if! Include landlords, neighbors, friends or family members in all states, like Michigan and Hawaii automatically... And cheap legal resources families in crisis giving consent to a supervisor in order to get this information in letter... Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme section for Social Services Law small commission at no extra to! The abuse registry, you must still be an adult to request your records, you have and. N'T have a good idea who made the allegations against you again, you do not to! & # x27 ; s License event something else related comes up low income Relief after a personal with! If an investigation takes longer than this time, CPS must determine the. To review its decisions, in writing, within thirty days conclude that the report was.. Make a copy of your child is guaranteed questions and not others notification! ) they are so traumatized by CPS a knock on the other hand, have a obligation... Box listed above a statewide Central registry to see if they have a legal obligation to cooperate with unless... Cps in Paulding County Georgia to obtain copies of your records from CPS,... Be sealed or amended and foster children can act out, prompting.... Articles to give each month and physicians, have a legal obligation to report suspected abuse. In crisis 13 years are punishable offenses in most states have laws authorizing a statewide Central registry ( ).

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